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Jinny Claire Lee1,2,3, Soo Jung Kim2, Seungpyo Hong2,4,5 and YoungSoo Kim1,2,3,*
1 Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea. 2 Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea. 3 Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea. 4 Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea. 5 Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy and Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
*Corresponding author
Abstract
Current technological advancements in clinical and research settings have permitted a more intensive and comprehensive understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This development in knowledge regarding AD pathogenesis has been implemented to produce disease-modifying drugs. The potential for accessible and effective therapeutic methods has generated a need for detecting this neurodegenerative disorder during early stages of progression because such remedial effects are more profound when implemented during the initial, prolonged prodromal stages of pathogenesis. The aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau isoforms are characteristic of AD; thus, they are considered core candidate biomarkers. However, research attempting to establish the reliability of Aβ and tau as biomarkers has culminated in an amalgamation of contradictory results and theories regarding the biomarker concentrations necessary for an accurate diagnosis. In this review, we consider the capabilities and limitations of fluid biomarkers collected from cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and oral, ocular, and olfactory secretions as diagnostic tools for AD, along with the impact of the integration of these biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, the evolution of diagnostic criteria and novel research findings are discussed. This review is a summary and reflection of the ongoing concerted efforts to establish fluid biomarkers as a diagnostic tool and implement them in diagnostic procedures.
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