한빛사 논문
Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone1,2, Elmira Khussainova3, Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy3,4, Lyazzat Musralina1,3,4, Maria A. Spyrou1, Raffaela A. Bianco1, Rita Radzeviciute1, Nuno Filipe Gomes Martins1, Caecilia Freund1, Olzhas Iksan3,4, Alexander Garshin3, Zhassulan Zhaniyazov3, Bakhytzhan Bekmanov3,4, Egor Kitov4,5,6, Zainolla Samashev7,8, Arman Beisenov6, Natalia Berezina9, Yakov Berezin9, András Zsolt Bíró10, Sándor Évinger10, Arman Bissembaev8,11, Gaziz Akhatov6, Aslan Mamedov12,Akhan Onggaruly13, Dmitriy Voyakin6,14, Aidos Chotbayev6, Yeldos Kariyev15, Alexandra Buzhilova9, Leyla Djansugurova3,*, Choongwon Jeong1,16,* and Johannes Krause1,2,*
1Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
2Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
3Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
4Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
5Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
6Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
7State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve “Berel,” village Zhambyl, Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, 070906, Kazakhstan.
8Branch of Institute of Archaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 010011, Republic Ave., 24, of. 511, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
9Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya Str. 11, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation.
10Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest H-1083, Hungary.
11Regional Center of History, Ethnography and Archeology of Aktobe region, Turgenev Str. 86, Aktobe 030020, Kazakhstan.
12Aktobe Regional Historical Museum, Oraza Tateuly Ave. 3, Batys-2 microdistrict, Astana district, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan.
13Scientific-Research Institute “Halyq qazynasy,” National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Tauelsizdik Ave. 54, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
14International Institute for Central Asian Studies, University Boulevard Street 9, Samarkand 140129, Uzbekistan.
15Scientific Center “Altaytanu” of East-Kazakhstan State University by S.A. Amanzholov, Kazakhstan Str. 55, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan.
16School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
*Corresponding author.
Abstract
The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is known about the origins and relations among the different cultures. To address these questions, we produced genome-wide data for 111 ancient individuals retrieved from 39 archaeological sites from the first millennia BCE and CE across the Central Asian Steppe. We uncovered major admixture events in the Late Bronze Age forming the genetic substratum for two main Iron Age gene-pools emerging around the Altai and the Urals respectively. Their demise was mirrored by new genetic turnovers, linked to the spread of the eastern nomad empires in the first centuries CE. Compared to the high genetic heterogeneity of the past, the homogenization of the present-day Kazakhs gene pool is notable, likely a result of 400 years of strict exogamous social rules.
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