Yeon Sik Choi^1,2,3†, Hyoyoung Jeong^1,2†, Rose T. Yin^4†, Raudel Avila⁵, Anna Pfenniger⁶, Jaeyoung Yoo^1,2, Jong Yoon Lee^1,2,7, Andreas Tzavelis^1,2,8,9, Young Joong Lee^1,2, Sheena W. Chen^10,11, Helen S. Knight⁴, Seungyeob Kim^1,2,12, Hak-Young Ahn^1,2,3, Grace Wickerson^1,2,13, Abraham Vázquez-Guardado^1,2, Elizabeth Higbee-Dempsey¹⁴, Bender A. Russo⁴, Michael A. Napolitano^10,11, Timothy J. Holleran^10,11, Leen Abdul Razzak^1,2,8, Alana N. Miniovich⁴, Geumbee Lee^1,2, Beth Geist⁶, Brandon Kim⁷, Shuling Han^15,16, Jaclyn A. Brennan⁴, Kedar Aras⁴, Sung Soo Kwak^1,2‡, Joohee Kim^1,2, Emily Alexandria Waters^8,17, Xiangxing Yang18, Amy Burrell6, Keum San Chun18, Claire Liu1,2,8, Changsheng Wu1,2, Alina Y. Rwei¹⁹, Alisha N. Spann¹⁷, Anthony Banks^1,2, David Johnson⁶, Zheng Jenny Zhang^15,16, Chad R. Haney^8,17, Sung Hun Jin^1,2,12, Alan Varteres Sahakian^8,20, Yonggang Huang^1,3,5,21, Gregory D. Trachiotis¹¹, Bradley P. Knight⁶, Rishi K. Arora^6*, Igor R. Efimov^2,4*§¶, John A. Rogers^{1,2,5,8,13,22*}

¹Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ²Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ³Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. ⁴Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ⁵Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ⁶Feinberg School of Medicine, Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ⁷Sibel Health, Niles, IL 60714, USA. ⁸Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ⁹Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ¹⁰Department of General Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ¹¹Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA. ¹²Department of Electronic Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea. ¹³Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ¹⁴Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ¹⁵Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ¹⁶Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ¹⁷Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ¹⁸Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ¹⁹Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands. ²⁰Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ²¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ²²Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

^*Corresponding author.
^†These authors contributed equally to this work.
^‡Present address: Center for Bionics of Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
^§Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
^¶Present address: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Temporary postoperative cardiac pacing requires devices with percutaneous leads and external wired power and control systems. This hardware introduces risks for infection, limitations on patient mobility, and requirements for surgical extraction procedures. Bioresorbable pacemakers mitigate some of these disadvantages, but they demand pairing with external, wired systems and secondary mechanisms for control. We present a transient closed-loop system that combines a time-synchronized, wireless network of skin-integrated devices with an advanced bioresorbable pacemaker to control cardiac rhythms, track cardiopulmonary status, provide multihaptic feedback, and enable transient operation with minimal patient burden. The result provides a range of autonomous, rate-adaptive cardiac pacing capabilities, as demonstrated in rat, canine, and human heart studies. This work establishes an engineering framework for closed-loop temporary electrotherapy using wirelessly linked, body-integrated bioelectronic devices.